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Interview no.: 0030
Date of interview: 3 February, 17 March, and 20 June 1986
Location: Polytechnic University
No. of pages: 117
Interviewer:
James J. Bohning, Jeffrey L. Sturchio
Minutes: 570
Access level: Free Access. Users may view, quote from, cite, or reproduce the oral history with the permission of CHF. Users citing interviews for purposes of publication are obliged under the terms of the CHF Oral History Program to notify CHF of publication and credit CHF using the following format: [Name of interviewee], interview by [name of interviewer] at [interview location], [interview date] (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript # [interview number]).
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In this first of three interviews Herman Mark starts with his study of relatively stable free radicals under the direction of Wilhelm Schlenk, first in Vienna and then in Berlin. After a postdoctoral period at the University of Berlin, Mark was invited by Haber to join the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at Dahlem. There, Mark collaborated with Polanyi and other colleagues in using x-ray diffraction to establish the crystal structures of small organic molecules and metals. This work was extended to naturally occurring organic materials such as cellulose and silk. As a consequence, Mark was able to play an important role at the critical 1926 meeting in Düsseldorf, which brought together Staudinger and the opponents of the macromolecular hypothesis. Mark's next move was to I.G. Farben, where he established a polymer laboratory. That was also where he first collaborated with Kurt Meyer, with whom he published the pioneering x-ray crystallographic structure of cellulose. Mark describes the laboratories, research directions, and colleagues during his stay at Ludwigshafen. The worsening political climate in Germany prompted Mark to accept a chair at his alma mater. Back in Vienna, he set up the first comprehensive polymer research and teaching institute. Mark concludes this interview by describing the circumstances of an approach from the Canadian International paper Company and his decision to leave Austria. The second interview details his experiences in the Canadian paper industry and his early ventures into publishing with the first of the Polymer Monograph series. Mark explains how he was able to resume an academic career by starting the polymer program at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, which soon became world-renowned. The war-time years brought new projects and young faculty to Brooklyn. Mark briefly describes this period before going on to the immediate post-war era and the later expansion of the Polymer Research Institute, which forms the introductory section of the final interview. In this interview, Mark tells of his part in the formation of the literature of polymer science and technology: journals, monographs, reference books and encyclopedias. Mark's many international collaborations are outlined, spanning a pre-war expedition to a Caucasian glacier to a demonstration of the nylon rope trick to Emperor Hirohito. Finally, Mark refers to his more recent research interests and describes the changes in research funding that have taken place during the past four decades.
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Universities of Vienna and Berlin
Leading professors at the University of Vienna. Graduate study with Schlenk and move to Berlin with him, along with three colleagues. Berlin as cultural center. |
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1 |
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Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
Conversation with Haber and circumstances of transfer to the Kaiser Wilhelm Textile Institute at Dahlem. Start of x-ray studies. Polanyi and other colleagues. Crystal structures of simple organic molecules and metals. Extension of studies to macromolecular compounds. Collaboration with Colloid Department. International visitors. Test of Compton experiment, contact with Einstein. Contemporary German physical chemistry; quantum theory, wave mechanics. Hungarians in Berlin scientific circles; recollections of Nernst and Haber. Berlin; culture, economy and politics. Research funding and personal finances during hyperinflation. Staudinger and the macromolecular controversy; the Düsseldorf meeting. |
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3 |
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I.G. Farbenindustrie
Conversation with Meyer and establishment of laboratory at I.G. Farben. Cellulose crystal structure. Dispute with Staudinger on polymer conformation as evidenced by viscosity. Organization and function of Ludwigshafen laboratories; colleagues there. Pilot plant; trouble-shooting. Patents. Awareness of Carother's studies. Synthetic rubber research at I.G. Farben. Styrene monomer synthesis. Publications and contact with academic circles; teaching at Karlsruhe. Standards of laboratory equipment. |
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15 |
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Transfer to University of Vienna
Conversation with Gaus, Nazi assumption of power in Germany. Offer and acceptance of chair at University of Vienna. Family, and their reaction to move. Faculty at Vienna, new curricula, research projects, graduate students. International contacts; Cambridge Faraday Society Discussion. Meeting with Carothers. Approach by Thorne of Canadian International Paper Company. |
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29 |
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Canada
Departure from Austria. Nature of Canadian International Paper Company laboratories. Duties as research director. |
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37 |
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Publishing
Proskauer and Interscience; Polymer Monograph Series. Textile and tire-cord rayon; molecular weight distribution. Large-scale production, statistical sampling for specifications. Relations with Du Pont. |
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42 |
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Early days at Brooklyn
Circumstances of move to Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. Other academic opportunities, visit to General Electric laboratories. Family vacation in Florida. Shellac Bureau; planning the polymer curriculum at Brooklyn. Research directions. X-ray studies, appointment of Fankuchen. Molecular weight and distribution studies. Appointment of young faculty. Mechanical properties. Prominence of polymer education; part-time graduate students. Publications, seminars, symposia. Effect of World War II. Weasel, DUQC and Habakkuk. |
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47 |
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Post-war years at Brooklyn
Part in setting-up of Weizmann Institute. Consulting. New research directions; copolymerization, polymer characterization, thermal transitions, crystallization of supercooled polymers. |
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61 |
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Expansion of polymer studies at Brooklyn
Polymer Research Institute and activities. Expansion into larger facilities. Loss and replacement of faculty. Foundation of Journal of Polymer Science and other publications. Influence of Gordon Conferences and bridging the academic/industry gap. Examples of novel developments introduced at Gordon Conferences. Establishment of encyclopedias. Polymer Monographs. Expansion of polymer journals in U.S. and abroad. Japanese polymer science. |
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69 |
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International Activities
Pre-war joint venture, H/D ratio in glacial ice. Start of polymer division in IUPAC. Pulp and paper chemistry in forestry division of FAO. Royal demonstration in Japan. UNIDO fiber and plastics teaching institutes. Technology transfer, UNIDO venture in India. Visit to China in 1972. |
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86 |
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More Recent Research Programs
High performance polymers and composites. Recent funding sources at Polymer Research Institute. Consulting. Experimental methods, transfer of knowledge. |
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91 |
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Soviet Contacts
Pre-war contacts in Vienna; post-war international visits. The Tashkent boycott; human rights. |
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98 |
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Notes
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100 |
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Index
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104 |
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| 1921 |
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Ph.D., Chemistry, University of Vienna |
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| University of Berlin |
| 1921-1922 |
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Instructor in Organic Chemistry |
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| Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Fiber Chemistry, Berlin-Dahlem |
| 1922-1926 |
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Research Fellow |
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| Karlsruhr Technical University |
| 1927-1932 |
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Associate Professor |
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| I. G. Farben Industrie |
| 1927-1928 |
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Research Chemist |
| 1928-1930 |
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Group Leader |
| 1930-1932 |
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Assistant Research Director |
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| First Chemical Institute, University of Vienna |
| 1932-1938 |
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Professor of Chemistry and Director |
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| Canadian International Paper Company, Hawkesbury, Ontario |
| 1938-1940 |
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Director |
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| Polymer Research Institute |
| 1946-1964 |
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Director |
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| Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn |
| 1940-1942 |
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Adjunct Professor |
| 1942-1964 |
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Professor |
| 1961-1964 |
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Dean of Faculty |
| 1965-Present |
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Dean and Professor Emeritus |
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| 1928 |
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Hertz Medal, Germany
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| 1933 |
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Austrian Academy, member
|
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| 1934 |
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Bucharest Academy, member
|
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| 1934 |
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Exner Medal, Austria
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| 1936 |
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Chemical Society of Madrid, member
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| 1937 |
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Chemical Society of Bucharest, member
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| 1937 |
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Austrian Society of Textile Chemists and Colorists, member
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| 1937 |
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Austrian Society for X-Ray Research, member
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| 1937 |
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Medal of the Austrian Society of Textile Chemists and Colorists
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| 1938 |
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Budapest Academy, member
|
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| 1943 |
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New York Academy of Science, member
|
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| 1944 |
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American Institute of Physics, member
|
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| 1947 |
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Royal Institution of Great Britain, member
|
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| 1947 |
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Max Planck Society, member
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| 1948 |
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Harrison Howe Award, American Chemical Society
|
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| 1948 |
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Franqui Medaille, Belgium
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| 1949 |
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American Leather Society, member
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| 1949 |
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Amsterdam Academy, member
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| 1950 |
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Vienna Physical Chemistry Society, member
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| 1950 |
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Textile Institute of Great Britain, member
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| 1950 |
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Indian Academy of Sciences, member
|
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| 1950 |
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Honorary degree, University of Liège, Belgium
|
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| 1951 |
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Austrian Association of Paper Chemists, member
|
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| 1952 |
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Austrian Society for Wood Research, member
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| 1952 |
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National Institute of Science of India, member
|
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| 1953 |
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Weizmann Institute of Science, member
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| 1953 |
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Honor Scroll of the American Institute of Chemists
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| 1953 |
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Honorary degree, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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| 1954 |
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Honorary degree, Free University of Berlin, West Germany
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| 1954 |
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Medal of Honor, Milan Polytechnic Institute
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| 1954 |
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Italian Chemical Society, member
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| 1955 |
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Honorary Fellow, University of Vienna
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| 1955 |
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Golden Honor Medal, University of Vienna
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| 1955 |
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Trasenster Medal, Association of Belgian Engineers
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| 1955 |
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Honorary degree, Technical University of Berlin, West Germany
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| 1956 |
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Honorary degree, Lowell Technological Institute
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| 1956 |
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American Academy of Arts and Sciences, member
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| 1960 |
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Nichols Medal, American Chemical Society
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| 1960 |
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Honorary degree, Technical University of Munich, West Germany
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| 1961 |
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Distinguished Service Medal, Syracuse University
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| 1961 |
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National Academy of Science, member
|
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| 1962 |
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Phi Lamba Upsilon Honorary Chemical Society, member
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| 1962 |
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International Award, Society of Plastics Engineers
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| 1962 |
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Gold Medal, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
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| 1962 |
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Honorary degree, Gutenberg University, Mainz, West Germany
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| 1964 |
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Honorary degree, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
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| 1965 |
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Honorary degree, Technische Hochschüle, Vienna, Austria
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| 1965 |
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Honorary degree, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
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| 1965 |
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Honorary degree, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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| 1965 |
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Polymer Chemistry Award, American Chemical Society
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| 1965 |
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Olney Medal, American Chemical Society
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| 1965 |
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Plastics Institute of America, member
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| 1965 |
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Austrian Society for Plastics Technology, member
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| 1965 |
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The Fiber Society, member
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| 1966 |
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Soviet Academy of Sciences, member
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| 1966 |
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Austrian Honor Cross in Science and Arts
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| 1968 |
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Swinburne Medal, Plastics Institute of Great Britain
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| 1968 |
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International Academy of Wood Science, member
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| 1970 |
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City of Vienna Prize for Natural Sciences
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| 1970 |
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Distinguished Service Award, Polytechnic Chapter Sigma Xi
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| 1971 |
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The Franklin Institute, member
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| 1971 |
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Honorary degree, Jassy University, Rumania
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| 1972 |
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Society of Polymer Science of Japan, member
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| 1972 |
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Scientific Achievement Medal Award, City College Alumni Association
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| 1972 |
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Chemical Pioneer Award, American Institute of Chemists
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| 1973 |
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Indian Chemical Society, member
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| 1973 |
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Honorary degree, Universidad Autonoma Madrid, Spain
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| 1974 |
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Croatian Society of Plastics Engineers, member
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| 1975 |
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Gibbs Medal, American Chemical Society
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| 1975 |
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Austrian Grand Silver Medal with Star
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| 1975 |
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150th Anniversary Prize, Aachen and Munich Insurance Association
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| 1975 |
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Honorary degree, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
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| 1976 |
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Honorary degree, Long Island University, New York
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| 1976 |
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Honorary degree, Montan University, Leoben, Austria
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| 1976 |
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Plastics and Coatings Award, American Chemical Society
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| 1976 |
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Harvey Prize, Israeli Technion
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| 1976 |
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Plastics Hall of Fame, member
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| 1977 |
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The Chemists Club, member
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| 1977 |
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The New York Academy of Sciences, member
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| 1977 |
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Distinguished Service Award, Polytechnic University of New York
|
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| 1978 |
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Plastics "Vision" Award, Society of Plastics Engineers
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| 1978 |
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Chemical Society of Japan, member
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| 1978 |
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American Institute of Chemists, member
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| 1979 |
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Yugoslav Society of Plastics and Rubber Engineers, member
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| 1979 |
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Indian Society for Polymer Science, member
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| 1979 |
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The Royal Institute of Chemistry, member
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| 1979 |
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Honorary degree, University of Nottingham, Great Britain
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| 1980 |
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Honorary degree, University of Vienna, Austria
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| 1980 |
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Perkin Medal, Society of Chemical Industry, Great Britain
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| 1980 |
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National Medal of Sciences
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| 1980 |
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Jabotinsky Centennial Medal, Israel
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| 1980 |
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Silver Medal, International Commission for Fiber Science Research, France
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| 1980 |
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Colwyn Medal, Plastics and Rubber Institute, Great Britain
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| 1980 |
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Gesellschaft für Chemiewirtschaft, Vienna
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| 1981 |
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American Society for Testing Materials, member
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| 1982 |
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Gold Award, Society for Plastics Technology, Vienna
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| 1982 |
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Polymer Education Award, American Chemical Society
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| 1982 |
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Honorary degree, University of Massachusetts
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| 1984 |
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30th Anniversary Lecture Medal, Milan Polytechnic Institute
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| 1985 |
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Gold Merit Medal, International Center for Research on Synthetic Fibers
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| 1985 |
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The Textile Institute of Great Britain, Honorary Fellowship
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| 1986 |
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Mayor's Award of Honor for Science and Technology, City of New York
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| 1987 |
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Bronze Medal, Universite Claude Bernard, Lyon
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| 1987 |
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Medal of the City of Lyon, France
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| 1987 |
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Bronze Medal, Conseil General du Rhone, France
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| 1987 |
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Mayor's award of Honor for Science and Technology, City of Vienna, Austria
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| 1987 |
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Honorary degree, Universite Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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| 1988 |
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Heyrovsky Medal, Czechoslovak Academy of Science
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| 1988 |
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Goodyear Medal, American Chemical Society
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James J. Bohning is professor emeritus of chemistry at Wilkes University, where he was a
faculty member from 1959 to 1990. He served there as chemistry department chair from 1970
to 1986 and environmental science department chair from 1987 to 1990. Bohning was chair of
the American Chemical Society’s Division of the History of Chemistry in 1986; he received the
division’s Outstanding Paper Award in 1989 and has presented more than forty papers at
national meetings of the society. Bohning was on the advisory committee of the society’s
National Historic Chemical Landmarks Program from its inception in 1992 through 2001 and is
currently a consultant to the committee. He developed the oral history program of the Chemical
Heritage Foundation, and he was the foundation’s director of oral history from 1990 to 1995.
From 1995 to 1998, Bohning was a science writer for the News Service group of the American
Chemical Society. He is currently a visiting research scientist and CESAR Fellow at Lehigh
University. In May 2005, he received the Joseph Priestley Service Award from the
Susquehanna Valley Section of the American Chemical Society.
Jeffrey L. Sturchio is Executive Director, Public Affairs, Human Health Europe, Middle East & Africa, at Merck & Co., Inc., where he is responsible for the development, coordination, and implementation of a range of policy and communications initiatives for the region. Before assuming his current position in 1995, he was Merck’s Director, Science & Technology Policy, in the Corporate Public Affairs Department from 1993 to 1994; and Associate Director, Information Resources & Publishing, from 1992 to 1993. After a sojourn on the senior staff of the AT&T Archives, Dr. Sturchio joined Merck & Co., Inc. as Corporate Archivist in June 1989. He received an A.B. in history from Princeton University and a Ph.D. in the history and sociology of science from the University of Pennsylvania. He was Associate Director of the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry from 1984 to 1988, and has held teaching appointments at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rutgers University, and the University of Pennsylvania as well as a fellowship at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
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